Open Access Publishing Models

Gold Open Access

The final published article is made immediately and freely available on the publisher's website.

Some Gold Open Access journals charge an Article Processing Charge (APC) to authors or their institutions, while others provide Open Access without an author publication fee.

Green Open Access

The author deposits a version of the publication in an institutional or subject repository, where it can be accessed openly.

Publishers may impose conditions such as an embargo period or restrictions on which version of the manuscript can be deposited. Researchers should always check the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Diamond Open Access

The publication is freely accessible to readers and does not require authors to pay an APC. Publishing costs are covered by other sources, such as institutions, universities, scholarly societies, or research funding programmes.

Hybrid Open Access

A subscription-based journal makes individual articles openly accessible when an author or institution pays an APC. Other articles in the same journal remain available through subscription.

Researchers should carefully consider the costs and conditions of hybrid publishing and check applicable funder requirements.